974 technical terms and definitions
lilienfeld 1925 retain a continuous compound film between the terminals, series segment resistance weakest link open circuit, continuous path yield product of segment reliability
Complete the Conducting Path: One Bad Segment Can Still Ruin Every Good One Step 5 treated the conducting path as a single uniform resistor, set by one gap length; Step 7 and Step…
lilienfeld 1925 deliver current variations to a transformer or load, maximum power transfer source load impedance match, transformer turns ratio reflected load resistance
Couple the Output Circuit: Everything Upstream Was Only Ever a Source Impedance Thirteen steps have built a conducting path, biased it, and shown how a signal on an isolated…
lilienfeld 1925 cover terminals intervening glass and exposed foil edge, step coverage shadowing angle thin film deposition, percolation threshold continuous metal film thickness
Deposit Thin Copper: A Flat Film Over a Surface That Isn't Flat Every step so far has treated the assembly as a flat plane to be measured and positioned against — a gap…
lilienfeld 1925 step 24 establish reproducibility across specimens, measure pass rate across independent fabricated devices, lilienfeld population confidence interval chance rate
Establish Reproducibility Across Specimens: One Passing Device Is an Anecdote, Not a Result Step 23 produced a pass, hold, or reject verdict for a single, specific specimen. Step…
lilienfeld 1925 apply separated conductive coatings such as copper, terminal gap length sets film resistance, thin film adhesion delamination thermal strain
Form Two Metal Terminals: The Gap Between Them Is the Real Design Variable Every step so far has concerned the control electrode — positioning it, insulating it, fixing it flush.…
lilienfeld 1925 position the control electrode between the glass pieces, foil bending strain radius of curvature insertion, native aluminum oxide gate capacitance
Insert Thin Aluminum Foil: The Insulating Skin That Makes This a Field Device Step 2 cut a deliberate, controlled fracture into the glass specifically to hold something — and what…
lilienfeld 1925 step 15 inspect assembled geometry, lilienfeld 1925 confirm foil position and terminal separation, lilienfeld assembled geometry mechanical integrity
Inspect the Assembled Geometry: Verify Foil Position, Terminal Separation, and Mechanical Integrity Step 15 is the first verification operation in the Lilienfeld 1925 sequence…
lilienfeld 1925 step 16 inspect film coverage, lilienfeld compound film continuity inspection, copper sulfur film intended current path
Inspect Film Coverage: Prove the Compound Film Spans the Intended Current Path Step 16 answers one narrow but decisive question: does the visible compound film form an unbroken…
lilienfeld 1925 step 19 measure baseline current voltage behavior, measure unmodulated terminal current voltage characteristic, lilienfeld baseline iv curve before control modulation
Measure Baseline Current–Voltage Behavior: Establish the Unmodulated 11↔12 Characteristic Step 19 measures how current flows between the two main terminals through…
lilienfeld 1925 step 20 measure control electrode leakage, quantify control foil leakage current before modulation test, lilienfeld barrier leakage three terminal measurement
Measure Control-Electrode Leakage: Quantify the Current the Field Effect Must Outrun Step 20 measures how much current flows into or out of control foil 13 when that foil is held…
lilienfeld 1925 step 28 package evidence independent replication, separate reproduction from replication data package, lilienfeld provenance checksum versioned replication package
Package the Evidence for Independent Replication: A Verdict No One Else Can Check Is Not Yet Closed Step 27 composed twelve steps of evidence into one scoped, falsifiable…
lilienfeld 1925 use a glass block, support resistivity versus conducting film resistivity ratio, dielectric breakdown withstand insulating support
Prepare the Insulating Support: Why the Base Material Has to Stay Electrically Invisible Every later step in this 1925 field-effect concept depends on one current path existing…
lilienfeld 1925 keep the terminal coatings out of direct contact with the foil, terminal to foil clearance tolerance budget, capacitive coupling impedance collapse metal bridge
Preserve Metal Separation: The Clearance That Keeps Control Capacitive Step 5 fixed how far apart the two current terminals sit from each other; this step addresses a completely…
lilienfeld 1925 step 23 quantify available power gain, measure amplifier available power gain not voltage gain, lilienfeld amplification verdict feedthrough rectification
Quantify Available Power Gain: Turn a Validated Modulation Into an Amplification Verdict Step 22 asked a binary question: does terminal current change with control bias in a way…
lilienfeld 1925 secure the foil flush with the glass surface, flushness tolerance effective gate capacitance, clamping pressure window glass fracture retention
Reassemble the Support: Flush Is a Dimension, Not a Description Step 3 put the foil into the fracture gap; this step closes the glass back around it and fixes exactly how much…
lilienfeld 1925 create a fracture for retaining the control electrode, griffith stress intensity factor scribed flaw glass, fracture surface flatness tolerance foil retention
Split the Support Transversely: A Controlled Fracture, Not a Break Step 1 chose glass specifically because it stays electrically invisible and withstands the device's bias…
lilienfeld 1925 produce the copper sulfur conducting compound, reaction diffusion depth versus local copper thickness, copper sulfide conductivity stoichiometry composition
Sulfurize the Deposited Copper: The Thinnest Spots Inherit a Second Weakness Step 7 left a copper film of uneven thickness — comfortable everywhere flat, thinned at the sidewalls…
lilienfeld 1925 vary the control potential, oxide capacitance high pass coupling cutoff frequency, signal amplitude constrained by bias margin
Superimpose an Input Signal: The Capacitor Only Passes What Changes Step 12 fixed a steady offset on the foil, chosen to clear the worst point of the film's own sloping potential…
lilienfeld 1925 step 27 synthesize final verdict, compose evidence chain into falsifiable conclusion, lilienfeld dependency graph pre registered falsification
Synthesize the Final Verdict: Compose the Evidence Chain Into One Falsifiable Conclusion Steps 15 through 26 each produced a disposition about one question: is the device…
lilienfeld 1925 step 22 test control induced modulation, execute frozen protocol score modulation result, lilienfeld pre registered modulation disposition
Test for Control-Induced Modulation: Execute the Frozen Protocol and Score the Result Step 22 executes the protocol Step 21 wrote and nothing else. The bias list, the interleaving…
lilienfeld 1926 step 1 glass substrate, glass dielectric coupling electrode film, optical transparent insulating dielectric
Select Glass Support: Provide an Insulating Body That Couples the Control Field to the Conducting Film Lilienfeld's 1926 patent specifies that the device begins with a glass…
lilienfeld 1926 step 10 gain measurement, quantify available power gain ceiling, confound subtraction linearity check feedthrough
Quantify Available Power Gain: The Gain Ceiling Was Already Set by Steps 1 Through 8 Step 9 established whether this device modulates at all. Step 10 asks how much useful power…
lilienfeld 1926 step 11 population test, establish reproducibility across specimens, glass sheet correlation fracture quality independence
Establish Reproducibility Across Specimens: Shared Glass Sheets Correlate Fracture Quality the 1925 Geometry Never Had to Adjust For A single device's full characterization (Steps…
lilienfeld 1926 step 12 stability test, characterize stability under sustained operation, fracture margin drift fourth timeline seal aging
Characterize Stability Under Sustained Operation: The Fracture Margin Adds a Fourth Timeline The 1925 protocol tracked three independent timescales of drift: operational (device…
lilienfeld 1926 step 13 mechanism attribution, attribute the modulation mechanism, path b leakage frequency temperature activation energy
Attribute the Modulation Mechanism: Path B Must Be Ruled Out Before Anything Is Attributed to the Film The 1925 protocol used frequency response, temperature dependence…
lilienfeld 1926 step 14 final verdict, synthesize the final verdict, path b root node dependency graph falsification
Synthesize the Final Verdict: Path B's Ruling-Out Is the Root Node the 1925 Graph Never Needed The 1925 series closed by mapping which results were load-bearing and which were…
lilienfeld 1926 step 15 replication package, package evidence for independent replication, fracture timing path b sheet correlation package
Package Evidence for Independent Replication: Three Items This Construction's Package Cannot Omit The 1925 series closed by separating reproduction (re-analyzing the project's own…
lilienfeld 1926 step 2 fracture mounting, control electrode mounting fracture glass, fresh glass fracture surface cleanliness
Split the Glass Transversely: A Fresh Fracture Is Cleaner Than Any Polish Lilienfeld's 1926 construction mounts the control electrode not on a flat, polished glass face but at…
lilienfeld 1926 step 3 electrode bonding, electrode glass bond series dielectric, aluminum foil thickness conformability durability
Prepare and Affix the Aluminum-Foil Electrode: The Bond Is Part of the Dielectric Stack Lilienfeld's 1926 construction calls for an aluminum-foil electrode affixed to one face…
lilienfeld 1926 step 4 film growth, deposit the copper sulfide film, electrode biased nucleation film uniformity
Deposit the Copper-Sulfide Film: Growth Direction Is Set by the Electrode, Not the Chemist With the glass support selected, transversely fractured, and the aluminum-foil electrode…
lilienfeld 1926 step 5 terminal contacts, attach current carrying terminals to film, terminal placement electrode span modulation
Attach Current-Carrying Terminals to the Film: Two Contacts Define the Measurement Axis The copper-sulfide film deposited in Step 4 has no way to carry a measurable current until…
lilienfeld 1926 step 6 sealing device, encapsulate the assembly interfaces seal, sealing material tradeoffs wax shellac lacquer
Encapsulate the Assembly: Sealing Protects the Interfaces That Construction Created Steps 1 through 5 built four distinct interfaces, each one a potential leak path…
lilienfeld 1926 step 7 baseline test, measure baseline device characteristics, fault tree symptom to originating construction step
Measure Baseline Device Characteristics: The First Test Must Trace Failures Back to Their Step Steps 1 through 6 built and sealed the device. Step 7 is the first time current…
lilienfeld 1926 step 8 leakage test, fracture margin leakage path construction, dwell time decay path a path b leakage
Measure Control-Electrode Leakage: The Fracture Margin Is a Leakage Path the 1925 Geometry Never Had The 1925 specimens used a continuous control electrode seated against a flat…
lilienfeld 1926 step 9 modulation test, apply control bias and test for modulation, scoring plane modulation magnitude leakage stability
Apply Control Bias and Test for Modulation: The Modulation Statistic Must Wait Out the Decay Step 8 Characterized Step 8 established that this construction's I₁₃ response to…
local, surrogate
LIME (Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations) is the explainability method that explains individual predictions of any black-box model by training a simple, interpretable…
lime, interpretability
LIME is a local surrogate explanation method that fits simple interpretable models near a target prediction - It explains individual predictions without requiring full…
lime, data analysis
LIME (Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations) is an XAI technique that explains individual predictions by fitting a simple, interpretable model (e.g., linear regression)…
LIME Local Interpretable Explanations Introduction & Motivation LIME Local Interpretable Explanations addresses a central problem in explainability interpretation and model…
lime, local interpretable model-agnostic explanations, explainable ai
LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations) explains individual predictions using local linear approximations. Approach: Create perturbed samples around the instance…
LIME Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations Introduction & Motivation LIME Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations addresses a central problem in interpretability…
LIME Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (Extended Study) Introduction & Motivation LIME Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (Extended Study) addresses…
LIME Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (Extended Study) Introduction & Motivation LIME Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (Extended Study) addresses…
LIME Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (Extended Study) Introduction & Motivation LIME Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (Extended Study) addresses…
lime local interpretable prediction, lime local interpretable, local interpretable prediction, lime local, local interpretable, interpretable prediction
LIME Local Interpretable Prediction with Machine Learning Introduction & Motivation LIME Local Interpretable Prediction with Machine Learning addresses a central problem in LIME…
lime local interpretation, lime local, local interpretation
LIME Local Interpretation Introduction & Motivation LIME Local Interpretation addresses a central problem in timeseries process control and lime-local-model-approximation…
boundary, what you cannot do
LLM Limitations and Boundaries Fundamental Limitations Knowledge Cutoff LLMs have training data cutoff dates: Model Knowledge Cutoff GPT-4o Varies by version Claude 3 Early 2024…
line, graph neural networks
LINE (Large-scale Information Network Embedding) is a graph embedding method designed explicitly for massive networks (millions of nodes) that learns node representations…
computer vision
Line art generation is the process of creating clean, vector-quality line drawings from images or from scratch — producing artwork consisting primarily of distinct straight…
ler, line width roughness, lwr, edge roughness, stochastic defects
Line edge roughness is the stochastic variation of a patterned feature's edge position from its intended straight line, commonly reported as three times the standard deviation…