Photonic

Photonic Wire Bonding is optical interconnects replacing electrical wires using laser-written waveguides enabling ultra-high bandwidth communication — optical transcends electrical limits. Waveguide Formation direct laser writing polymerizes polymer; creates high-index traces. Pitch 10-100 μm waveguide spacing. Finer than electrical. Refractive Index polymer tuned for confinement, low loss. Fiber Coupling optical fibers attach to dies; couple to waveguides. On-Chip Sources microLED, laser couple to waveguides. Loss waveguide loss ~0.1-1 dB/cm. Bandwidth optical modulation >25 GHz per channel. Terabit aggregate. Wavelength telecom (1310/1550 nm) or data-center (850 nm). WDM multiple wavelengths on single guide. Spectral efficiency. Power per-bit power lower than electrical high-speed. Latency optical propagation ~150 mm/ns. Comparable to electrical. Alignment coupling sensitive to misalignment. Precision required. Manufacturing laser writing precision challenging; repeatability. Scaling thousands of channels theoretically. Cost photonic components expensive; not yet volume-competitive. Reliability polymer waveguides: aging, UV sensitivity. Long-term stability unproven. Integration hybrid photonic + electronic dies connected optically. Photonic wire bonding enables terabit bandwidth beyond electrical limits.